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I-beams are structural steel profiles with an H-shaped cross-section. They are extremely strong, and get their name from looking like a capital H in section. The horizontal parts are flanges, while the vertical part is the web. The web resists shear forces, and the flanges resist most of the bending moment on the beam.
Beam theory shows that the H-section is a very efficient form for carrying both bending and shear loads in the web plane. H-beams are widely used in construction and come in various standard sizes. They can be used both as beams and as columns.